An overview of medicinal research on Citron

doi:10.19803/j.1672-8629.2022.05.23

Abstract

Abstract: Citron, as an important traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications, which has also played an important role in the life and culture in western countries since it was introduced into the Mediterranean area as a result of the East-West exchanges. In this paper, the historical records, appearance, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Citron are summarized so as to provide reference for the study of citron and other Citrus herbs.

Key words: Citron, citri fructus, Citrus, chemical composition, pharmacological activitiy

CLC Number:

R969.3

SHI Yan, WEI Feng, MA Shuangcheng. An overview of medicinal research on Citron[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 2022, 19(5): 574-578.

References

[1] Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission.Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China Part 1.(中华人民共和国药典,一部)[S]. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2020: 270-271.
[2] GUO TC.Citron in China[J]. China Citrus(中国柑桔), 1993, 22(4): 3-6.
[3] CHHIKARA N, KOUR R, JAGLAN S, et al.Citrus medica: nutrit-ional, phytochemical composition and health benefits-a review[J]. Food Funct, 2018, 9: 1978-1992.
[4] NICOLOSI E, MALFA SL, EL-OTMANI M, et al.The search for the authentic citron (Citrus medica L.): historic and genetic analysis[J]. Hort Sci, 2005, 40(7): 1963-1968.
[5] LOTA M, SERRA DR, TOMI F, et al.Chemical composition of peel and leaf essential oils of Citrus medica L. and C. limonimedica Lush.[J]. Flavour Fragr J, 1999, 14: 161-166.
[6] XU R, ZHONG FL, WANG SB.Herbal textual research on finger citron[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials(中药材), 2017, 40(8): 1975-1978.
[7] BHUIYAN MNI, BEGUM J, SARDAR PK, et al.Constituents of peel and leaf essential oils of Citrus Medica L[J]. J Sci Res, 2009, 1(2): 387-392.
[8] ZHANG HY, HE FG, LU BZ.Identification of finger citron and citron[J]. Journal of Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine(实用中医药杂志), 2006, 22(11): 718.
[9] ZHU JN, MAO SJ, LI XD.Investigation report on variety resources and market status of citron[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials(中药材), 2006, 29(7): 653-655.
[10] ZHAO P, DUAN L, GUO L, et al.Chemical and biological comparison of the fruit extracts of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka and Citrus medica L.[J]. Food Chem, 2015, 173: 54-60.
[11] LI JX, WANG HC, GAO MH, et al.Coumarins and flavonoids from the fruits of Citrus medica L.[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research(药学研究), 2013, 32(4): 187-192.
[12] CHUANG C, WEN W, SHEU S.Origin identification on the commercial samples of Aurantii Fructus[J]. J Sep Sci, 2007, 30: 1235-1241.
[13] CHUANG C, WEN W, SHEU S.Classification of aurantii fructus samples by multivariate analysis[J]. J Sep Sci, 2007, 30: 1827-1832
[14] LUO SM, WU MH, ZHOU Y, et al.Herbalogical study on original plant and medicinal and edible values of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica(中国中药杂志), 2020, 45(16): 3997-4003.
[15] YANG F. Foreign Matter Records(异物志)[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong science and Technology Press, 2009: 19.
[16] LIANG TN, YANG F.Five Masters of Nanyue and Seven Others(南越五主传及其它七种)[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1982: 44.
[17] JI H.Vegetation Status in South China(南方草木状)[M]. Guang-zhou: Guangdong Publishing Group, Guangzhou Science and Technology Press, 2009: 44.
[18] LI SZ.Compendium of Materia Medica(本草纲目)[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1979: 1795.
[19] WU YL.New Compilation of Materia Medica(本草从新)[M]. Beijing: Hongqi Press, 1996: 167.
[20] YUE L, CHENG XX, TANG XM, et al.Traditional application of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus[J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae(中国实验方剂学杂志), 2019, 25(4): 206-211.
[21] JIA M. Diet Information(饮食须知)[M]. Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 2005: 122.
[22] LAN M.Materia Medica in Southern Yunnan(滇南本草)[M].Kunm-ing: Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1975: 376.
[23] GABRIELE B, FAZIO A, DUGO P, et al.Essential oil composition of Citrus medica L. Cv. Diamante (Diamante citron) determined after using different extraction methods[J]. J Sep Sci, 2009, 32: 99-108.
[24] CHEN M, YAN MM, WANG ZJ, et al.GC-MS analysis of volatile oil from Citrus wilsonii Tanaka[J]. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research(时珍国医国药), 2018, 29(2): 285-287.
[25] LIU CJ, NIU LY, YU M, et al.Study on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from Citrus medica[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry(食品工业科技), 2016, 37(24): 132-137.
[26] NIU LY, YU M, LIU FG, et al.Composition and aroma-active components determination of Xiangyuan (Citrus wilsonii Tanaka) essential oil by GC-MS-O[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries(食品与发酵工业), 2013, 39(4): 186-191.
[27] VERZERA A, TROZZI A, ZAPPALA M, et al.Essential Oil composition of Citrus meyerii Y. Tan. and Citrus medica L. cv. diamante and their lemon hybrids[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2005, 53: 4890-4894.
[28] JING L, LEI Z, ZHANG G, et al.Metabolite profiles of essential oils in citrus peels and their taxonomic implications[J]. Metabolomics, 2015, 11(4): 952-963.
[29] DING YP, HAN L, QIU Q, et al.Study of chemical constituents of the essential oil from Citrus medica L. by supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction[J]. Fine Chemicals(精细化工), 2005, 22(10): 770-772.
[30] WANG Z, JIANG JL, LIANG RZ.A study on components of the essential oil from the peel of Citrus medica L. var Ethrog Engl[J]. Journal of Southwest for Forestry College(西南林学院学报), 1989, 9(2): 131-135.
[31] HETTA MH, EL-ALFY TS, YASSIN NZ, et al.Phytochemical and Antihyperglycemic Studies on Citrus medica L. Leaves (Etrog) Growing in Egypt[J]. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. 2013, 5(4): 271-277.
[32] LIANG Z, SU J, FU FH, et al.Research progress on anti-inflammatory mechanism of citrus flavonoids[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences(湖南农业科学), 2020, (3): 113-116.
[33] WAN LX, XIAO GS, XU YJ, et al.Study on the flavonoids and their antioxidant activities in citrus peel of different varieties[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries(食品与发酵工业), 2011, 37(4): 73-77.
[34] ZHANG DF, CHEN JH, GUO J, et al.Comparative study on the polyphenol,flavonoid and antioxidant activity of seven varieties of citrus[J]. Food Research And Development(食品研究与开发), 2019, 40(6): 69-74.
[35] YIN W, SONG ZR, LIU JQ, et al.Studies on the constituents of Citrus medica L. var. Sarcodactylis (Noot.)Swingle[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials(中药材), 2015, 38(10): 2091-2094.
[36] DONG LR, LIU XQ, LI ZR, et al.Studies on chemical constituents from fruits of Citrus medica L.[J]. Fine Chemicals(精细化工), 2010, 27(10): 982-986.
[37] CHAN YY, LI CH, SHEN Y C, et al.Anti-inflammatory Principles from the Stem and Root Barks of Citrus medica[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 2010, 58(1): 61-65.
[38] MEENA AK, KANDALE A, RAO MM, et al.A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses[J]. Int Res J Pharm, 2011, 2(1): 14-19.
[39] MCHALE D, KHOPKAR PP, SHERIDAN BJ.Coumarins glycosides from Citrus flavedo[J]. Phytochemistry,1987, 264(9): 2547-2549.
[40] YUE C, ZHAO WL, GUO ZX, et al.Simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids and coumarins in green Aurantii Fructus from different origins by HPLC[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis-Part B Chemical Analysis(理化检验-化学分册), 2021, 57(1): 52-56.
[41] ABDALLAH M, HIJAZI A, DUMUR F, et al.Coumarins as powerful photosensitizers for the cationic polymerization of epoxy-silicones under near-UV and visible light and applications for 3D printing technology[J]. Molecules, 2020, 25(9): 2063-2074.
[42] CHAN Y, LI C, SHEN Y, et al.Antiinflammatory principles from thestem and root barks of Citrus medica[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 2010, 58(1): 61-65.
[43] MENICHINI F, LOIZZO MR, BONESI M, et al.Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts from Citrus medica L. cv Diamante flowers, leaves and fruits at two maturity stages[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2011, 49(7): 1549-1555.
[44] KABRA AO, BAIRAGI GB, WANARE RS.Antidiabetic Activity of ethanol extract of Citrus medica L. peels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats[J]. J Pharm Res, 2012, 5(3): 1287-1289
[45] FRATIANNI F, COZZOLINE A, DE FEO V, et al.Polyphenols, antioxidant, antibacterial, and biofilm inhibitory activities of peel and pulp of Citrus medica L. Citrus bergamia, and Citrus medica cv. Salò cultivated in southern Italy[J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(24): 4577-4591.
[46] LI XD, ZHU JN, GU XZ, et al.Study on quality of Citrus medica L.[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(北京中医药大学学报), 2007, 30(10): 703-705.
[47] HE HY, LING LQ, QUE HZ.A new triterpene bittern principle from Citron[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1986, 17(12): 2-4.
[48] CAO W, ZHANG XL, YUAN J, et al.Determination of β-carotene content in Citrus Medica by reversed-phase high performance liquild chromatography[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry(山东化工), 2004, 33(4): 32.
[49] LIU L, LIU XP, SUN HS, et al.An overview of post-harvest degreening treatment and metabolism of pigment substances in Citrus peel[J]. Plant Physiology Journal(植物生理学报), 2020, 56(6): 1146-1154.
[50] NI YJ, MA WX, XIE Q, et al.Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Fuju Peel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry(食品工业科技), 2020, 41(24): 162-167.
[51] ZHANG W, XIE D, WEN Z, et al.Study on extraction method of carotenoids from citrus leaves[J]. Agricultural Science ＆ Technology, 2020, 21(2): 26-31.
[52] HUI JN, LI RN, LI LX, et al.Progress in applied research on carotenoids[J]. Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Medicine(畜牧与兽医), 2020, 52(4): 143-147.
[53] MUNWAR S, ROY H, RAHNMAN SA.Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Citrus Medica[J]. Int J Pharm Res Health Sci, 2015, 3: 810-816.
[54] CONFORTI F, STATTI GA, TUNDIS R, et al.In vitro activities of Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante (Diamante citron) relevant to treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Phytother Res, 2007, 21(5): 427-433.
[55] MENICHINI F, TUNDIS R, LOIZZO MR, et al.Citrus medica L. cv Diamante (Rutaceae) peel extract improves glycaemic status of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and protects against oxidative stress[J]. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem, 2016, 31(6):1270-1276.
[56] JACOB R, HASEGAWA S, MANNERS S.The potential of citrus limonoids as anticancer agents[J]. Perishables Handling Quarterly, 2000, 102: 6-8.
[57] AJIKUMARAN NS, RAJANI KSR, AKHILA SN, et al.Citrus peels prevent cancer[J]. Phytomedicine, 2018, 50: 231-237.
[58] MOHAMMED AY, RAMZI M, MANSOUR AS, et al.Citrus medica “Otroj”: attenuates oxidative stress and cardiac dysrhythmia in isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy in rats[J]. Nutrients, 2013, 5(11): 4269-4283.